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Germany, Berlin
End and beginning of a century: Poverty, misery, tuberculosis
United Kingdom, Oxford
Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are Beta-lactam antibiotics and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. The term "penicillin" can also refer to the mixture of substances that are naturally, and organically, produced Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 – March 11, 1955) discovered the antibiotic substance lysozyme and isolated the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum. In September 1928, he was sorting through the many idle experiments strewn about his lab. He inspected each specimen before discarding it and noticed an interesting fungal colony had grown as a contaminant on one of the agar plates streaked with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Fleming inspected the Petri dish further and found that the bacterial colonies around the fungus were transparent because their cells were undergoing the process of lysis. Lysis is the breakdown of cells, and in this case, potentially harmful bacteria. The importance was immediately recognized; however, the discovery was still underestimated. Fleming issued a publication about penicillin in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology in 1929. Fleming worked with the mould for some time, but refining and growing it was a difficult process better suited to chemists. Fleming”s impression was that, because of the problem of producing the drug in quantity and because its action seemed slow, it would not be an important resource for treating infection. Furthermore, his initial paper was not well received in the medical community. Fleming, therefore, did not pursue the subject further. It was left to two other scientists, Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain, to develop a method of purifying penicillin to an effective form. Through their work, the drug was available for mass distribution during World War II. For his achievements, Fleming was knighted in 1944. Fleming, Florey, and Chain were the joint recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945. Florey was later given the honor of a peerage for his monumental work in making penicillin available to the public and saving millions of lives in World War II. In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug for the 20th century.
United Kingdom, Oxford
Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are Beta-lactam antibiotics and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. The term "penicillin" can also refer to the mixture of substances that are naturally, and organically, produced Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 – March 11, 1955) discovered the antibiotic substance lysozyme and isolated the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum. In September 1928, he was sorting through the many idle experiments strewn about his lab. He inspected each specimen before discarding it and noticed an interesting fungal colony had grown as a contaminant on one of the agar plates streaked with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Fleming inspected the Petri dish further and found that the bacterial colonies around the fungus were transparent because their cells were undergoing the process of lysis. Lysis is the breakdown of cells, and in this case, potentially harmful bacteria. The importance was immediately recognized; however, the discovery was still underestimated. Fleming issued a publication about penicillin in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology in 1929. Fleming worked with the mould for some time, but refining and growing it was a difficult process better suited to chemists. Fleming”s impression was that, because of the problem of producing the drug in quantity and because its action seemed slow, it would not be an important resource for treating infection. Furthermore, his initial paper was not well received in the medical community. Fleming, therefore, did not pursue the subject further. It was left to two other scientists, Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain, to develop a method of purifying penicillin to an effective form. Through their work, the drug was available for mass distribution during World War II. For his achievements, Fleming was knighted in 1944. Fleming, Florey, and Chain were the joint recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945. Florey was later given the honor of a peerage for his monumental work in making penicillin available to the public and saving millions of lives in World War II. In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug for the 20th century.
Somalia
United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) was the second phase of the United Nations intervention in Somalia, from March 1993 until March 1995. UNOSOM II carried on from the United States-controlled (but UN-sanctioned) Unified Task Force (UNITAF), which had in turn taken over from the ineffectual United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) mission. All three of these interventions were aimed at creating a secure enough environment for humanitarian operations to be carried out in the increasingly lawless and famine-stricken country. The UNOSOM II intervention is well-known for the Battle of Mogadishu and the resulting events portrayed in the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, and its associated film Black Hawk Down. On October 3, 1993, Task Force Ranger raided a hotel in Mogadishu in which Aidid was thought to be hiding. What ensued was the longest, bloodiest and deadliest battle for US troops in Somalia. In what later became known as the Battle of Mogadishu, eighteen US soldiers were killed. Images of their dead bodies being dragged through the streets were broadcast on television stations all over the world, horrifying and infuriating the American public.
Somalia
United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) was the second phase of the United Nations intervention in Somalia, from March 1993 until March 1995. UNOSOM II carried on from the United States-controlled (but UN-sanctioned) Unified Task Force (UNITAF), which had in turn taken over from the ineffectual United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) mission. All three of these interventions were aimed at creating a secure enough environment for humanitarian operations to be carried out in the increasingly lawless and famine-stricken country. The UNOSOM II intervention is well-known for the Battle of Mogadishu and the resulting events portrayed in the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, and its associated film Black Hawk Down. On October 3, 1993, Task Force Ranger raided a hotel in Mogadishu in which Aidid was thought to be hiding. What ensued was the longest, bloodiest and deadliest battle for US troops in Somalia. In what later became known as the Battle of Mogadishu, eighteen US soldiers were killed. Images of their dead bodies being dragged through the streets were broadcast on television stations all over the world, horrifying and infuriating the American public.
Somalia
United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) was the second phase of the United Nations intervention in Somalia, from March 1993 until March 1995. UNOSOM II carried on from the United States-controlled (but UN-sanctioned) Unified Task Force (UNITAF), which had in turn taken over from the ineffectual United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) mission. All three of these interventions were aimed at creating a secure enough environment for humanitarian operations to be carried out in the increasingly lawless and famine-stricken country. The UNOSOM II intervention is well-known for the Battle of Mogadishu and the resulting events portrayed in the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, and its associated film Black Hawk Down. On October 3, 1993, Task Force Ranger raided a hotel in Mogadishu in which Aidid was thought to be hiding. What ensued was the longest, bloodiest and deadliest battle for US troops in Somalia. In what later became known as the Battle of Mogadishu, eighteen US soldiers were killed. Images of their dead bodies being dragged through the streets were broadcast on television stations all over the world, horrifying and infuriating the American public.
Afghanistan
Afghan hospital: Neglected hospital in Afghanistan during the war, laboratory, men queuing for prescription, nurse, assistant, counting pills
Afghanistan: Hospital, wounded children, 1998
Unknown
African hospital: Doctors and nurses in the operation room, medical operation
Vietnam, Hanoi
The 1-meter-high Bui Thi Hoa is 27 years old. She is living in the Friendship Children's village not far from Hanoi... The village was established by an American veteran for the victims of the Agent Orange: story of Hoa Agent Orange was the herbicide, what between 1965 and '71 the U.S. Army's sprayed 72 million liters onto Vietnam forests, to obliterate the dense jungles. But it caused not only their downfall ...
USA, Los Angeles
AIDS becomes front page news in 1985 when Rock Hudson announces his homosexuality, and also that he is carrying the disease. The disease starts to spread within the homosexual community, and researchers struggle to contain the disease. They begin to look for "Patient Zero," or the first carrier of the disease within the US. Soon this search leads to a Canadian flight attendant. Rock Hudson died less than 3 months after he announced he was suffering from the disease, on October 2, 1985. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sometimes written Aids) is a human disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bodys immune system. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. To date, there are no cures for either HIV infection nor AIDS, which are chronic medical conditions, but which are treatable by a variety of antiretroviral drugs. This treatment delays the progression of HIV infection to AIDS, and reduces the rates of morbidity and mortality attributable to the disease. Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 - October 2, 1985) was an American actor, famous for his rugged good looks. The first major American celebrity to admit that he had AIDS, his announcement of and subsequent death from the disease at the age of fifty-nine brought it to wider public attention in the United States .
USA, Los Angeles
AIDS becomes front page news in 1985 when Rock Hudson announces his homosexuality, and also that he is carrying the disease. The disease starts to spread within the homosexual community, and researchers struggle to contain the disease. They begin to look for "Patient Zero," or the first carrier of the disease within the US. Soon this search leads to a Canadian flight attendant. Rock Hudson died less than 3 months after he announced he was suffering from the disease, on October 2, 1985. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sometimes written Aids) is a human disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bodys immune system. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. To date, there are no cures for either HIV infection nor AIDS, which are chronic medical conditions, but which are treatable by a variety of antiretroviral drugs. This treatment delays the progression of HIV infection to AIDS, and reduces the rates of morbidity and mortality attributable to the disease. Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 - October 2, 1985) was an American actor, famous for his rugged good looks. The first major American celebrity to admit that he had AIDS, his announcement of and subsequent death from the disease at the age of fifty-nine brought it to wider public attention in the United States .
USA
AIDS becomes front page news in 1985 when Rock Hudson announces his homosexuality, and also that he is carrying the disease. The disease starts to spread within the homosexual community, and researchers struggle to contain the disease. They begin to look for "Patient Zero," or the first carrier of the disease within the US. Soon this search leads to a Canadian flight attendant. Rock Hudson died less than 3 months after he announced he was suffering from the disease, on October 2, 1985. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sometimes written Aids) is a human disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bodys immune system. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. To date, there are no cures for either HIV infection nor AIDS, which are chronic medical conditions, but which are treatable by a variety of antiretroviral drugs. This treatment delays the progression of HIV infection to AIDS, and reduces the rates of morbidity and mortality attributable to the disease. Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 - October 2, 1985) was an American actor, famous for his rugged good looks. The first major American celebrity to admit that he had AIDS, his announcement of and subsequent death from the disease at the age of fifty-nine brought it to wider public attention in the United States .
USA
AIDS becomes front page news in 1985 when Rock Hudson announces his homosexuality, and also that he is carrying the disease. The disease starts to spread within the homosexual community, and researchers struggle to contain the disease. They begin to look for "Patient Zero," or the first carrier of the disease within the US. Soon this search leads to a Canadian flight attendant. Rock Hudson died less than 3 months after he announced he was suffering from the disease, on October 2, 1985. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sometimes written Aids) is a human disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bodys immune system. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. To date, there are no cures for either HIV infection nor AIDS, which are chronic medical conditions, but which are treatable by a variety of antiretroviral drugs. This treatment delays the progression of HIV infection to AIDS, and reduces the rates of morbidity and mortality attributable to the disease. Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 - October 2, 1985) was an American actor, famous for his rugged good looks. The first major American celebrity to admit that he had AIDS, his announcement of and subsequent death from the disease at the age of fifty-nine brought it to wider public attention in the United States .
USA
AIDS becomes front page news in 1985 when Rock Hudson announces his homosexuality, and also that he is carrying the disease. The disease starts to spread within the homosexual community, and researchers struggle to contain the disease. They begin to look for "Patient Zero," or the first carrier of the disease within the US. Soon this search leads to a Canadian flight attendant. Rock Hudson died less than 3 months after he announced he was suffering from the disease, on October 2, 1985. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sometimes written Aids) is a human disease characterized by progressive destruction of the bodys immune system. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. To date, there are no cures for either HIV infection nor AIDS, which are chronic medical conditions, but which are treatable by a variety of antiretroviral drugs. This treatment delays the progression of HIV infection to AIDS, and reduces the rates of morbidity and mortality attributable to the disease. Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 - October 2, 1985) was an American actor, famous for his rugged good looks. The first major American celebrity to admit that he had AIDS, his announcement of and subsequent death from the disease at the age of fifty-nine brought it to wider public attention in the United States .
United States
Aids: Rock Hudson, photo, actor, hiv, patient, disease, movie, star, film, illness, infection
United States
Aids: Study, hiv, report, Kaposi's sarcoma, homosexuality, gay
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